Latent Classes of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Adult Substance-use Problems and Psychosocial Outcomes: Complex and Heterogeneous Associations.

Emily S Herberholz, Rachel E Wolchok, Jeffrey M Rogers, Sophia Selenou-Yemgang, Bianca D Beckwith, Kirsten E Smith, David H Epstein

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In one paragraph

Article in International journal of mental health and addiction, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Integrating animal cruelty exposure into person-centered models of childhood adversity: latent classes and associations with depression, anxiety, and stress.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Emily S HerberholzReal-world Assessment Prediction & Treatment Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.

Rachel E WolchokReal-world Assessment Prediction & Treatment Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.

Jeffrey M RogersReal-world Assessment Prediction & Treatment Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.

Sophia Selenou-YemgangReal-world Assessment Prediction & Treatment Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.

Bianca D BeckwithReal-world Assessment Prediction & Treatment Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.

Kirsten E SmithDepartment of Pharmacology and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.

David H EpsteinReal-world Assessment Prediction & Treatment Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8147-0386

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), expressed as summary scores, are associated with adverse adult outcomes. We aimed to detect more nuanced associations via latent class analysis (LCA) of ACEs. We tested associations between class membership and adult anxiety, depression, loneliness, stress, and substance-use patterns/disorders. Our nationwide data set, part of our larger study of substance use with or without addiction, included 2615 mTurk workers with any past-6-month alcohol use (71.6% Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-025-01527-w.

Indexed as

Adult outcomesAdult psychological symptomsAdverse childhood eventsLatent class analysisSubstance use disorderSubstance use patterns

Identifiers

PMID42634621

DOI10.1007/s11469-025-01527-w

PMCPMC13499878

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