ArticleInfection and drug resistance2026
Metformin Enhances Macrophage Phagocytosis and Intracellular Clearance of Hypervirulent
Article in Infection and drug resistance, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Purpose: Hypervirulent Patients and Methods: Using hvKp strain NTUH-K2044-infected THP-1 macrophages, assays measured intracellular bacterial survival, autophagy flux, phagocytosis, and cytokine expression. AMPK-autophagy involvement was tested with agonists/inhibitors and siRNA. A murine liver abscess model assessed MET's efficacy on bacterial burden and immunopathology. Results: MET reduced intracellular hvKp in macrophages and improved phagocytosis. It activated AMPK, restored autophagy, and increased phagosome-lysosome fusion-effects blocked by AMPK or autophagy inhibition. MET also lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). In mice, MET monotherapy decreased liver bacterial loads and reduced tissue damage and inflammation. Conclusion: MET reprograms macrophages to clear intracellular hvKp through AMPK-driven autophagy and phagocytosis while curbing excessive inflammation, showing promise as a host-directed adjunctive therapy for persistent hvKp infections.
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