Magnetoreceptive CRY/MagR complexes: linking circadian redox signalling to protein aggregation in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Background and purpose: Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) pose an escalating challenge to neuroscience, as disease-modifying therapies remain elusive despite substantial advances in molecular and cellular understanding. These disorders share convergent pathological features, including protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired proteostasis, and disruption of circadian regulation. Identifying integrative frameworks that connect these processes is therefore essential for advancing conceptual models of neurodegeneration. This review examines magneto-proteins, with a particular focus on CRY/MagR-based magnetoreceptor complexes, as emerging biological systems that may intersect with key molecular pathways implicated in AD and PD. Experimental approach: We synthesized literature from neuroscience, biophysics, and circadian biology to evaluate the potential relevance of magnetoreceptor mechanisms to AD and PD pathology. We first summarized the core neuropathological mechanisms underlying both diseases, including amyloid-β and tau pathology in AD and α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic vulnerability in PD. We then outlined the biophysical foundations of magneto-protein function, emphasizing cryptochrome-mediated radical pair mechanisms, iron-sulphur cluster-dependent magnetic sensitivity, and their established roles in redox signalling and circadian biology. Key results: Accumulating experimental evidence from cellular and animal models suggests that CRY/MagR-associated pathways can modulate oxidative stress, mitochondrial bioenergetics, protein aggregation dynamics, autophagic processes, and circadian control of neuronal metabolism. These processes closely overlap with molecular determinants of neuronal vulnerability in AD and PD. However, direct validation in mammalian and human systems remains limited and controversial, representing a critical knowledge gap. Conclusion: The mechanistic convergence between magnetoreceptor biology and neurodegenerative pathology warrants critical evaluation but remains largely speculative in humans. By integrating findings across disciplines, this review positions CRY/MagR-based magneto-proteins as a conceptual platform for exploring how magnetic field-responsive molecular systems may inform our understanding of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, while emphasizing the need for rigorous mammalian validation.