ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2026
A Morphologic Classification and Surgical Algorithm for Lower Eyelid Asymmetry in Primary Lower Blepharoplasty.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Lower eyelid asymmetry is common yet often overlooked. This study proposed a morphologic classification and surgical algorithm based on palpebro-malar groove width, anterior-posterior displacement of the inferior orbital rim, and lower eyelid vertical length. It evaluates outcomes based on this classification and algorithm, using sub-orbicularis oculi fat (SOOF) advancement and orbicularis oculi muscle suspension. Methods: From June 2023 to May 2025, 267 patients who underwent primary lower blepharoplasty were prospectively evaluated. Patients were categorized into 3 major types (5 subtypes) according to palpebro-malar groove width, posterior displacement of the inferior orbital rim, and lower eyelid vertical length. Surgical techniques were customized according to classification type. Postoperative outcomes were assessed using standardized clinical photography, independent evaluator review, and patient-reported satisfaction. Results: Among 267 patients (mean age, 56.8 y; 40 men, 227 women), 127 (48%) were type I (mild), 134 (50%) type II (severe), and 6 (2%) type III (right-side dominant). The left inferior orbital rim was positioned more posteriorly than the right in 96% (259 of 267). The left palpebro-malar groove was wider in 38%, whereas the right was wider in only 2%. Postoperatively, 251 patients (94%) reported satisfactory correction; 16 (6%) were partially satisfied, mainly due to inadequate lateral SOOF advancement. Independent evaluator assessment confirmed symmetry in 251 cases. Conclusions: Lower eyelid asymmetry reflects underlying midfacial skeletal discrepancies between the maxilla and zygoma. The proposed classification facilitates preoperative assessment and surgical planning. Algorithm-based SOOF advancement and orbicularis oculi muscle suspension were associated with improvement in lower eyelid symmetry in most patients.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.