ArticleArchives of plastic surgery2026
Development of Local Bleomycin-Induced Hindlimb Model Recapitulating Skin Fibrosis and Vasculopathy of Systemic Sclerosis.
Article in Archives of plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) features microvascular injury and progressive fibrosis, often culminating in peripheral ischemia, digital ulcers, and tissue loss. Existing animal models typically capture either fibrosis (e.g., bleomycin [BLM] skin models) or ischemia (surgical hindlimb ligation) but rarely both simultaneously in an extremity. Methods: We established a non-surgical, localized model by administering subcutaneous BLM (300 μg per day) to four peri-ankle sites of the right hindlimb in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice for 14 consecutive days, followed by a 7-day rest. Outcomes included clinical scoring (edema, joint stiffness, skin thickening), laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI; ischemic/contralateral perfusion ratio), histology (hematoxylin and eosin; dermal thickness; inflammation; collagen deposition), quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) for fibrotic and vascular markers, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), cluster of differentiation (CD)31, and CD34 with ImageJ-based quantification. Results: BLM induced persistent hindlimb edema and contracture with significantly reduced perfusion measured by LDPI compared with the contralateral limb, persisting after the rest period. Histology revealed marked dermal thickening with dense collagen and leukocyte infiltration. RT-qPCR demonstrated dose-dependent upregulation of α-SMA and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) mRNA, and IHC confirmed increased COL1A1- and α-SMA-positive areas alongside reduced CD31/CD34 capillary density in BLM-treated limbs. The protocol was technically simple and showed reproducible results. Conclusions: Local peri-ankle BLM produces a chronic fibrotic phenotype accompanied by microvascular alteration in an accessible limb, complementing classic SSc models and surgical hindlimb ischemia. This platform enables functional perfusion readouts alongside fibrosis endpoints and is well-suited for preclinical screening of proangiogenic or antifibrotic strategies of interest to reconstructive surgery.
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