Observational studyFrontiers in immunology2026
Real-world insights into incidence and risk factors of thyroid dysfunction following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Observational study in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Real-world findings regarding the risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) -related conditions remain scarce and show a lack of consistency. Research design and methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who treated with ICIs between October 2014 and June 2023. Patient follow-up was extended until death or July 4, 2025. Logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between clinical characteristics and thyroid dysfunction after ICI initiation. Results: After excluding 411 patients with missing key data and 1,342 with pre-existing thyroid dysfunction, 6,857 patients were included in the final cohort. ICI-related thyroid dysfunction was identified in 1,342 cases (19.57% overall), with 582 subclinical hypothyroidism, 155 overt hypothyroidism, 521 central hypothyroidis, and 84 thyrotoxicosis. Logistic regression identified subtype-specific risk factors. For subclinical hypothyroidism, smoking (OR 0.766, 95% CI: 0.589-0.996, Conclusions: This large real-world cohort reveals a high incidence of ICI-related thyroid dysfunction and identifies subtype-specific risk factors, underscoring the importance of routine thyroid function monitoring in high-risk patients receiving ICI therapy. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2300075974.
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