ArticleAmerican journal of translational research2026
Lipopolysaccharide promotes bladder cancer immunosuppression by disrupting the Tfh/Tfr balance through TLR4 signaling.
Article in American journal of translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment, particularly the follicular helper T cell (Tfh)/follicular regulatory T cell (Tfr) equilibrium, in bladder cancer.
methodsMBT-2 and MB49 cells were treated with LPS. TLR4 was knocked down using lentiviral short hairpin RNA. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were assessed by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, scratch, and Transwell assays. A subcutaneous xenograft model in C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice was established. Tfh/Tfr cells in spleens were analyzed by flow cytometry. TLR4 and related cytokine expression were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot.
resultsLPS treatment upregulated the expression of TLR4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88, which enhanced tumor cell proliferation and migration
conclusionLPS exacerbated bladder cancer progression by activating TLR4 signaling. This disrupts the Tfh/Tfr balance and creates an immunosuppressive niche. Targeting this axis may represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
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