ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Targeted release of budesonide modulates key gut microbial abnormalities in immunoglobulin A nephropathy.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), but whether different therapies are associated with distinct microbial profiles remains unclear. We aimed to investigate gut microbiota changes in IgAN patients receiving targeted-release budesonide (Nefecon), systemic glucocorticoids, or non-immunosuppressive therapy. Methods: In this comparative study, 24 biopsy-proven IgAN patients were divided into four groups: newly diagnosed untreated patients (n = 8), patients in remission after non-immunosuppressive therapy (n = 6), patients treated with Nefecon for at least 3 months (n = 5), and patients treated with systemic glucocorticoids for at least 3 months (n = 5). Nine healthy volunteers served as controls. Fecal microbiota was profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and community diversity, taxonomic composition, and associations with clinical/pathological parameters were analyzed. Results: Newly diagnosed IgAN patients exhibited reduced alpha diversity and a distinct beta diversity profile compared with healthy controls. The Nefecon group exhibited a microbial community structure more similar to that of controls than the newly diagnosed or remission groups. Several bacterial genera were significantly altered in newly diagnosed IgAN patients, including taxa enriched relative to both controls and the Nefecon group. Furthermore, microbiota composition correlated with renal pathological features, particularly segmental glomerulosclerosis and sclerosis ratio. Conclusion: Although limited by a small sample size, these findings suggest that targeted mucosal immunomodulation with Nefecon may partially restore gut microbial homeostasis in IgAN patients, providing new insight into the gut-kidney axis and the microbiota-related effects of therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.