ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Human bronchial air-liquid interface responses to nebulised protease exposure.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: As part of a programme developing human-relevant new approach methodologies (NAMs) for next-generation risk assessment (NGRA), we utilised a human air-liquid interface (ALI) bronchial epithelial model (MucilAir™) to assess epithelial responses to nebulised protease exposure. Methods: Protease doses of 0.005, 0.08, 2, and 24 µg/cm Results: Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) nebulisation produced no detectable barrier effects using the methods described. Protease doses of 2 µg/cm Discussion: These findings demonstrate the suitability of nebulised dosing for assessing airborne protease effects in bronchial ALI cultures. These data also highlight EV-miRNA profiling as a powerful, non-invasive readout that captures early molecular perturbations not detectable by conventional functional assays alone. Through identification of TEER, EV, and cytokine disruption thresholds to protease through statistical modelling, this work strengthens the methodological basis for generating NAM-aligned
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