ReviewOncogene2026
Cholangiocarcinoma:Unveiling the cold tumor microenvironment and strategies for immune rejuvenation.
Review in Oncogene, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains a therapeutic challenge due to its "immune cold" phenotype, defined by a desmoplastic fortress and profound T cell exclusion. This review characterizes the multi layered immune escape mechanisms, ranging from defective antigen presentation to the recruitment of suppressive myeloid cells and fibroblasts. We detail how physical barriers and the gut-liver axis conspire to maintain immune invisibility. Moving beyond mechanism, we critically evaluate emerging strategies designed to breach these defenses and reprogram the tumor microenvironment, including stromal targeting, mRNA vaccines, and combinatorial immunotherapies. We conclude by delineating the paradigm shift toward precision immuno oncology, highlighting that resolving spatiotemporal heterogeneity through multi-omics integration is essential for transforming CCA into an immune responsive state. Additionally, the synergy between AI and intelligent medicine provides a novel roadmap for advancing CCA clinical therapeutics.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.