Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42629435›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2026

Association between maternal milk intake during pregnancy and birth size of infants: results from the Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Kazue Ishitsuka, Sjurdur F Olsen, Thorhallur Halldorsson, Naho Morisaki, Norie Sawada, Utako Murai, Takehiro Michikawa, Shoji F Nakayama, Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group

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Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Kazue IshitsukaDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan.
Sjurdur F OlsenDepartment of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-7096
Thorhallur HalldorssonDepartment of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Naho MorisakiResearch Center for Environmental and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Norie SawadaDivision of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-1476
Utako MuraiDivision of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan.
Takehiro MichikawaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-5133
Shoji F NakayamaJapan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tokyo, Japan. fabre@nies.go.jp.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-0389
Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesCow milk is rich in essential nutrients for fetal growth. We investigated associations of maternal milk intake and macronutrient intake from milk with birth size.

methodsWe included 79,976 mother-infant pairs from an ongoing nationwide prospective Japanese cohort study. Maternal milk intake (full-fat and low-fat milk) was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was performed to investigate the associations of total milk intake and macronutrient intake from milk with small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age.

resultsMedian total milk intake was approximately 96.9 mL/day during pregnancy. The highest quintile of total milk intake was associated with a decreased SGA risk compared with the lowest quintile of total milk intake (odds ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.80-0.95). Compared with women who consumed full-fat milk less than once per month, women with a higher frequency of full-fat milk intake were less likely to have SGA. No association was observed when the analysis was limited to those who did not consume full-fat milk. Compared with the lowest quintile, the higher quintiles of protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake from milk were associated with a reduced risk of SGA. There were no associations of milk intake with large for gestational age.

conclusionsWe found that milk intake during pregnancy, particularly full-fat milk, was associated with a lower risk of SGA in a cohort of pregnant women with relatively low milk intake. Our results support the hypothesis that milk intake during pregnancy promotes fetal growth.

Identifiers

PMID42629435

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