ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026
Discrete 2D Material Programming for 3D Shaping and Morphogenesis-Inspired 4D Bioprinting.
Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Programming in-plane growth in thin sheets enables 2-to-3D shape transformation into doubly curved morphologies common in living organisms. Despite its morphogenesis-inspired premise and intrinsic suitability for tissue-like systems, translating growth-programmed shaping into engineered living constructs remains challenging. Here, we report cell-compatible discrete 2D material programming for growth-driven 3D shaping and morphogenesis-inspired 4D bioprinting. By patterning cell-supportive microdomains within a responsive hydrogel matrix, we program in-plane growth to prescribe target metrics. This approach enables 4D bioprinting of living constructs that autonomously transform into prescribed 3D morphologies under physiological conditions. We establish design rules that expand the programmable 3D shape space, characterize time-dependent morphing dynamics, and demonstrate bioinspired motions. The transformed constructs maintain high cell viability and support tissue-relevant cellular behaviors. Cell-compatible discrete 2D material programming provides a platform for programmable morphogenesis and dynamic biofabrication, with potential relevance to hybrid living-synthetic systems, including bioinspired soft robotics, engineered tissue constructs, and cell-based devices.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.