ReviewCureus2026
Current State of LGBTQIA+ Health Education in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review of Educational Gaps in Transgender, Intersex/Differences of Sex Development (DSD), and Sexual and Gender Minority Healthcare.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sexual and gender minorities, LGBTQIA+ individuals, transgender individuals, and intersex individuals represent a small proportion of the population and encompass diverse sexual preferences, gender identities, sexual characteristics, and gender expressions. These individuals often present with unique health needs due to biological differences in anatomy, physiology, or genetic sexual characteristics. Despite these differences, education regarding their healthcare is insufficient in medical curricula worldwide, specifically in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Medical students are often unaware of the specific needs of these individuals and, hence, show a willingness to learn more so that they are better equipped clinically. Health care providers (HCPs) often lack the required knowledge and may behave unprofessionally toward these patients. This may include marginalisation, discrimination, and non-consensual examinations. Such instances make these individuals less likely to seek medical care. Thus, there is a dire need to integrate content about their healthcare needs into medical education and clinical practice in LMICs to prevent unprofessional conduct and improve health outcomes. This review highlights the existing literature on the educational and clinical preparedness of medical students and HCPs related to the healthcare needs of the LGBTQIA+ population, with a specific focus on intersex/differences of sex development (DSD) individuals, and accordingly puts forward recommendations for improvement.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.