ArticlePeerJ2026
Scaling EPS yield and bio-carrier application of
Article in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Heavy metal pollution from industrial operations poses severe environmental risks due to its toxicity and bioaccumulation. Conventional chemical and physical remediation methods are costly and generate secondary toxic sludge. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) producing bacteria as a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative for bioremediation. Methods: EPS producing bacteria were isolated from chemical factory effluent sludge and screened on modified Winogradsky's medium. The isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Heavy metal tolerance to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) was evaluated in tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing up to 9,000 ppm of each metal. Culture conditions, including carbon/nitrogen sources, pH, and temperature, were optimized to maximize biomass and EPS yield. Functional groups of EPS were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. To assess bioremediation efficiency, the bacterial isolate was immobilized and encapsulated on ceramic rings, water hyacinth stems, and alginate beads. The surface morphology of the bio-carriers was visualized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Pb removal efficiency (15 ppm) was quantified using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Results: Among the isolated strains, the most potent strain, Conclusions:
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