ArticleACS omega2026
Calcination Effects on 3D-Printed Phosphate-Activated Geopolymer Lattices: Structure, Strength, and Stability in Acidic Media.
Article in ACS omega, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Phosphate-activated geopolymers (PAGPs), a class of acid-activated rather than alkali-activated binders, are promising monolithic materials, yet optimizing porosity while maintaining stability in highly acidic waters remains challenging. Here, a metakaolin-phosphoric acid geopolymer ink containing laponite and Pluronic F127 (PLU) was formulated for direct ink writing (DIW) and printed as lattice monoliths (15 × 15 × 8 mm). A calcination window (350-550 °C) was applied to remove the PLU template and to elucidate how thermal severity governs phase/bond evolution, pore features, mechanical integrity, and performance in a multicomponent synthetic acid water (pH 2.96) containing Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, and Cu. XRD/FTIR indicated progressive template removal, dehydration, and phosphate-network consolidation with increasing temperature, consistent with structural evolution reported for acid-based geopolymers. Texturally, calcination strongly increased bulk porosity (45% to 61-63%) and promoted mesopore "unblocking" (largest BJH pore diameter and pore volume at 450 °C), whereas the specific surface area (SSA) increased only modestly (4.89 to 6.53-6.87 m
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