Development and evaluation of an indigenous

Background and Objectives: Materials and Methods: Bacteriological culture of suspected clinical cases of fowl typhoid was performed, and isolates were verified by PCR against the 16S rRNA gene, after which they were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. To obtain bacterial ghost cells, a representative native isolate was subjected to a detergent-based chemical lysis procedure, followed up by scanning electron microscopy. 120-day-old layer chicks were divided into six groups randomly and immunized at the age of seven days using oral, intramuscular, air-spray, intramuscular with oil adjuvant or eye-drop routes. There was a 1 Results: The highest antibody titers were found in vaccinated groups compared to controls (p < 0.05), and the intramuscular route generated the best and most enduring response in systemic immunity. Mucosal pathways elicited not high but rather significant antibody responses and provided protection against clinical disease. Conclusion: The research contributes to the feasibility of ghost-based vaccination in the role of a sustainable alternative to the disease control measures that are highly reliant on antibiotics in endemic poultry production systems.