Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42625712›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2026

External genital features and normative values for anogenital distances and penile length at birth in a healthy Italian population: data from the LIFE-MILCH project.

Beatrice Righi, Annalisa Pelosi, Francesca Alberghi, Marta Fontana, Emanuela Davolio, Cecilia Rotteglia, Chiara Sartori, M Maddalena Brambilla, Chiara Petrolini, Serafina Perrone and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Beatrice RighiUnit of Paediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Annalisa PelosiDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Francesca AlberghiUnit of Paediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Marta FontanaUnit of Paediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Emanuela DavolioUnit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Cecilia RottegliaUnit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Chiara SartoriUnit of Paediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
M Maddalena BrambillaDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Chiara PetroliniNeonatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Parma, Italy.
Serafina PerroneDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Anna-Mariia ShulhaiDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Angelica DessìNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Silvia PetzaNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Roberta PintusNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Alessandro De FantiUnit of Paediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Giancarlo GarganoDepartment of Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Anna Maria PapiniDepartment of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
Vassilios FanosNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Paola PalanzaDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Maria Elisabeth StreetUnit of Paediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Anogenital distance (AGD) and penile length (PL) are considered as surrogate biomarkers of fetal androgen action and are used to study the impact of prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Data for newborn sex-specific references of both AGD and PL are currently scarce for the Italian population. This study aimed to provide normative data in a large group of Italian newborns and to assess any associations with anthropometric parameters. Methods: Data were collected at birth in mother-infant dyads from April 2021 to September 2022. Four hundred and sixty-two/675 neonates at term of uncomplicated pregnancies were enrolled from three different Italian Hospitals. Newborns were divided in 5 subgroups according to weeks of gestational age(GA):1(37-37 + 6d w),2(38-38 + 6d w),3(39-39 + 6d w),4(40- 40 + 6d w),5(> 41w) and in 4 sub-groups according to birth weight (BW): A(2501-3000 g), B(3001-3500 g), C(3501-4000 g), D (>4001 g). Trained staff measured AGD and PL in newborns with an analogical caliper using the TIDES method. Anogenital distances (AGDs) considered were: ano-scrotal (AGD Results: Overall, in males AGDs were longer than in females. Considering the 5 subgroups for GA, AGD Conclusion: This study provided measurements and reference values for AGD and PL, based also on GA and BW, in a large group of newborns, supplying a valid well-reproducible instrument for clinical practice and the basis for further studies.

Indexed as

Anal CanalPenisAdultBirth WeightFemaleGestational AgeHumansInfant, NewbornItalyMalePregnancyReference Valuesanogenital distancenewbornnormative valuespenile lengthreferences

Identifiers

PMID42625712
PMCPMC13489917

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.