ArticleFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2026
Macrophages orchestrate tail regeneration in lizards
Article in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Macrophages facilitate blastema and wound epithelium formation by clearing debris and remodeling the immune and extracellular matrix. The M1-to-M2 transition is well documented in amphibians, but its occurrence and timing in diverse lizards remain unclear. This study examined macrophage function during tail regeneration in Methods: A tail amputation model was established in Results: Macrophage depletion severely impaired tail regeneration. By 21 days post-amputation (dpa), control regenerates reached 6.1 ± 2.2 mm, whereas depleted tails grew only 0.5 ± 0.1 mm (P < 0.0001). Depletion delayed wound epithelialization and prevented blastema formation. Macrophage recruitment peaked later in depleted animals (86.8 ± 13.8 at 7 dpa) than in controls (148.4 ± 7.1 at 3 dpa). CTSK positive osteoclasts were reduced by ∼47% (53 ± 5.6 vs. 100.3 ± 18.1, P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis identified 341 DEGs, with downregulated genes enriched in type I interferon, desmosome, and TLR/NOD pathways. Conclusion: Macrophages serve as central timing regulators of tail regeneration in
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