ReviewNature biomedical engineering2026
Intracellular protein binders for imaging, control and future therapeutics.
Review in Nature biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Intracellular protein dysregulation underlies many cancers, neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases, yet a substantial fraction of the human proteome remains inaccessible to conventional small-molecule drugs or extracellular antibodies. Genetically encoded intracellular binders, including nanobodies, DARPins, affibodies and de novo-designed scaffolds, provide modular platforms for selective recognition, visualization and functional modulation of endogenous proteins in living cells. These binders can engage extended protein surfaces and conformational epitopes and are increasingly applied in preclinical models to inhibit oncogenic signalling, degrade pathogenic proteins, rewire cellular pathways and engineer programmable cell therapies. Here we outline the structural diversity, discovery strategies and design principles of intracellular binders and summarize their emerging applications in imaging, biosensing and targeted protein control. We further discuss recent advances in computationally assisted binder design and optimization. Finally, we examine key translational challenges, including cellular stability, delivery technologies and immunogenicity, that will shape the clinical development of intracellular binder-based therapeutics.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.