ArticleOdontology2026
Intraglandular injection of amniotic-derived stem cell metabolites enhances submandibular gland regeneration in diabetic male rats.
Article in Odontology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study investigates the potential regenerative capabilities of intraglandular injections of Amniotic-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Metabolite Products (AMSC-MP) on the structure and function of the submandibular glands in diabetic rat models. Forty male Wistar rats (±250 g, 2-3 months old) were induced to diabetes via intraperitoneal alloxan monohydrate injection (90 mg/kg BW). Following confirmation of diabetes (72 h post-injection), animals were randomised into a vehicle-treated diabetic control group and a treatment group (100 µL AMSC-MP), which were both further divided based on observation time points (day 3, 5, 7, and 10; n = 5). Daily intraglandular injections were administered, and glands were harvested at each respective time point for immunohistochemical analysis of SRY-box Transcription Factor 2 (SOX2), CD44, Ki67, Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1 (SDF1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and Mucin 5B (MUC5B). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that AMSC-MP treatment reactivated the glandular regenerative niche. Quantitative analysis revealed a distinct temporal cascade: progenitor expansion (SOX2, CD44) and chemotactic signalling (SDF1) were significantly upregulated as early as day 3, whereas angiogenesis (VEGF) became prominent from day 5 onwards, culminating in active epithelial proliferation (Ki67) and secretory function recovery (MUC5B) by day 10 (p < 0.05). Intraglandular injection of AMSC-MP reactivated endogenous progenitor cells, promoted epithelial proliferation, and restored glandular function in diabetic rats. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of AMSC-derived metabolites as an acellular regenerative approach for diabetic salivary gland regeneration.
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