ArticleBMJ open2026
Measuring the influence of commercial determinants of health at the individual level: Protocol for tool development and validation.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionExisting frameworks on Commercial Determinants of Health (CDoH) largely focus on macro-level corporate practices and policy environments. Individual-level exposure-mediated through targeted marketing, pricing strategies, product availability and placement-remains underexplored, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The absence of standardised tools to capture these exposures limits the ability to quantify commercial influences on health and weakens evidence-informed public health responses. There is a critical need for a robust, contextually grounded instrument to measure individual-level exposure to CDoH. Developing and validating an individual-level CDoH measurement tool is therefore essential to strengthen research, surveillance and policy action aimed at mitigating health-harming commercial influences. The availability of this tool will allow policymakers and public health practitioners to identify high-risk populations and monitor the effectiveness of regulatory actions addressing harmful commercial practices. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will follow standard guidelines for tool (questionnaire) development. The process will include four sequential phases: item generation, refinement, validity testing and construct validation. A literature review with a systematic search strategy and in-depth interviews with purposively sampled adults will inform domain identification and item generation. An e-Delphi process involving experts in CDoH and public health will refine and confirm items followed by content validity. This will be followed by assessment of face validity for clarity and relevance. Construct validity will be assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, using fit indices such as Minimum χ ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi (ECASM-AIMS-2025-267). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conferences and policy briefs, and the validated tool will be made accessible for research and public health applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.