Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42623698›Full record

ArticleImmunoHorizons2026

Status of immunology education and establishment of American Association of Immunologists-recommended immunology content guidelines for undergraduate medical education in the United States.

Justin Andrews, Timothy J Bauler, Andrea Bottaro, Jennifer T Grier, Pooja Jain, Vijaya Knight, Michelle Swanson-Mungerson, Scott B Thompson, Yuan Zhao, Nicholas A Pullen and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ImmunoHorizons, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Justin AndrewsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
Timothy J BaulerWestern Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States.
Andrea BottaroCooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States.
Jennifer T GrierUniversity of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, United States.
Pooja JainDrexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Vijaya KnightUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
Michelle Swanson-MungersonChicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States.
Scott B ThompsonUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
Yuan ZhaoSam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX, United States.
Nicholas A PullenCollege of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-4014-9278
Aimee Pugh-BernardUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-8253-9795

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Medical schools in the United States have varying curricular designs and limited instructional time, which challenge cohesive and comprehensive immunology coverage necessary for future physicians. To address this challenge, the American Association of Immunologists formed a Medical Education Immunology Curriculum Task Force, to generate recommendations for U.S. medical schools in the field of immunology. In June 2024, faculty from all U.S. medical schools were invited to participate in an initial research survey designed to assess the current field of immunology content taught to medical students. Approximately 30% of the invited participants responded, with 25% of respondents from DO programs and 75% from MD programs, which reflects the overall distribution of these schools nationally. This article shares the core content identified by the participating faculty, along with various demographic and opinion-based metrics. The Task Force developed specific learning objectives (LOs) and associated immune-relevant clinical conditions for each core area of content. These were then vetted by the broader medical immunology education community by presentation at an immunology-focused professional meeting and through a second feedback survey. The final recommended content includes foundational topics and associated LOs, as well as a list of key associated clinical conditions aligned with each foundational topic. These LOs have the advantage of being inserted throughout integrated curriculum and/or could be used in stand-alone immunology course blocks in the medical school curriculum. The inclusion of these LOs in a medical curriculum will sufficiently educate future physicians regarding the impact of the immune system on overall health and illness.

Indexed as

Allergy and ImmunologyCurriculumEducation, Medical, UndergraduateGuidelines as TopicHumansSchools, MedicalSocieties, MedicalUnited Statescurriculumimmunologymedical educationmedical schoolteaching

Identifiers

PMID42623698
PMCPMC13493048

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.