Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42622782›Full record

ArticleJournal of behavioral medicine2026

Substance use interactive toxicity beliefs impede HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among men who have sex with men.

Seth C Kalichman, Nikole Babcock, Peter S McCauley, Ryan J Watson, Raymond L Moody, Moira Kalichman, Lisa A Eaton

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of behavioral medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Seth C KalichmanInstitute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, 2006 Hillside Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA. Seth.k@uconn.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0912-5112
Nikole BabcockDepartment of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
Peter S McCauleyDepartment of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
Ryan J WatsonInstitute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, 2006 Hillside Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
Raymond L MoodyDepartment of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
Moira KalichmanInstitute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, 2006 Hillside Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
Lisa A EatonInstitute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, 2006 Hillside Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.

Funding

Stigma and Substance Use as Barriers to PrEP Linkage, Uptake, Adherence, and Persistence among BMSMR01DA053168 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT STORRS · PI EATON, LISA A · 2021 to 2025
$2.9M
NIDA NIH HHS R01DA053168
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Ending HIV epidemics hinges on antiretroviral therapies (ART), including their use in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Unfortunately, PrEP use remains low among populations that could benefit most. PrEP use is impeded by multiple barriers including concerns about side-effects and erroneous beliefs about hazards of mixing PrEP with alcohol and other drugs. The current study tested the hypothesis that substance use interactive toxicity beliefs would mediate the association between concerns about PrEP side-effects and four separate PrEP use outcomes: past use, current use, uptake, and adherence. Black HIV negative men who have sex with men (n = 436) completed baseline and up to 18-months of follow-up for measures of demographic and health characteristics, PrEP use, concerns about PrEP side-effects, and substance use interactive toxicity beliefs. All participants reported alcohol or other drug use in the past two-months at baseline. Cross-sectional mediation analyses confirmed our hypothesis, showing that concerns about PrEP side-effects were directly associated with past and current PrEP use, and these associations were mediated by interactive toxicity beliefs. Prospective models did not confirm mediation but showed that greater substance use interactive toxicity beliefs significantly predicted PrEP uptake and adherence. These results support the importance of substance use interactive toxicity beliefs as a barrier to PrEP use and warrant interventions to address underlying biases and misinformation.

Indexed as

HIV preventionMedication beliefsPrEPSide-effectsSubstance useToxicity

Identifiers

PMID42622782

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.