ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2026
Optic Nerve Head Parameters and Their Associations With Axial Length and Refractive Status in Cynomolgus Macaques.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Optic nerve head (ONH) morphology in relation to refractive status remains incompletely characterized in nonhuman primates (NHPs). We established reference values for ONH parameters in cynomolgus macaques and examined their associations with age, sex, axial length (AL), and spherical equivalent (SE). Methods: Fundus photographs and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images from 302 eyes of 302 macaques were analyzed. Measurements included Bruch's membrane opening distance (BMOD), disc ovality, torsion angle, central retinal vein trunk (CRVT) position ratio, disc-fovea distance (DFD) ratio, and β- and γ-peripapillary atrophy (PPA). Multivariable linear, Firth logistic, and AL-based segmented regression analyses with bootstrap inference were performed, together with two-part sensitivity analyses. Results: Longer AL was associated with larger BMOD, greater disc ovality, a higher DFD ratio, and a lower CRVT position ratio, indicating a more nasal CRVT location, after false discovery rate correction. Highly myopic eyes showed larger BMOD, greater ovality, a higher DFD ratio, and higher prevalence and larger areas of β- and γ-PPA. Estimated AL breakpoints were 18.17 mm for ovality, 18.30 mm for γ-PPA area, and 18.86 mm for β-PPA area. Two-part analyses associated longer AL and more negative SE with both β-PPA presence and larger positive β-PPA area. The γ-PPA and β-PPA were present in 56.0% and 9.6% of eyes, respectively. Conclusions: ONH morphology in cynomolgus macaques varies with AL and refractive status and shows nonlinear cross-sectional associations. These reference values and AL-based estimates may inform future longitudinal and experimental studies of myopia-related ONH variation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.