ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Who pays more for early starts? Early-morning time pressure, sleep-related states, and role-contingent work engagement among Chinese university teachers.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Early-morning work schedules may act as temporal job demands by reducing recovery opportunities. This study examined associations among early-morning time pressure, sleep-related states, and work engagement in Chinese university teachers. Methods: A cross-sectional, multi-regional online survey was conducted among 516 university teachers from 30 provincial-level regions in China. Early-morning time pressure was indexed by weekly early-duty frequency, institutional advance-arrival requirements, and actual advance-arrival behavior. Participants also reported prior-night sleep quality, morning fatigue, and UWES-9 work engagement. Analyses were conducted using SPSS 22.0, principal component analysis, and PROCESS Models 6, 7, and 14. Results: The three indicators showed sufficient convergence to support a composite early-morning time pressure index. Greater time pressure was directly associated with lower work engagement but also showed positive indirect associations through better-rated sleep quality, lower fatigue, and their serial pathway, indicating inconsistent mediation. The time pressure-fatigue association varied by professional rank and administrative responsibilities; age-related moderation was weaker, and teaching experience was not significant. Administrative responsibilities also strengthened the negative association between fatigue and engagement. Conclusion: Although the cross-sectional self-report design precludes causal inference, the findings suggest that universities should assess early schedules by their total time cost, distribute advance-arrival demands more equitably, and avoid combining early teaching with intensive administrative duties.
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