ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Development and psychometric validation of a culture and tolerance scale in mega sporting events: evidence from an Arab context.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Growing cultural diversity has increased the need for valid, context-sensitive instruments to assess culture and tolerance, particularly within large-scale social environments. Mega sporting events offer unique platforms for intercultural interaction; however, existing measurement tools remain conceptually fragmented and contextually limited, particularly within Arab sociocultural settings. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate a multidimensional scale of culture and tolerance within the context of mega sporting events. Method: A sequential multi-phase scale-development design was employed. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on a sample of 246 participants attending the Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup to identify the underlying factor structure. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was subsequently performed on an independent sample of 434 participants to validate the proposed model. Reliability, construct validity, and measurement invariance across gender were assessed using established psychometric criteria. Results: EFA initially identified a three-factor structure explaining 47.8% of the total variance. Parallel analysis supported the retention of three factors. Subsequent CFA supported a parsimonious two-factor model comprising 20 items distributed across the dimensions of Dialogue, Respect, and Empowerment (DRE) and Respect for Opinions and Coexistence (ROC). The final model demonstrated satisfactory fit to the data (χ Conclusion: The proposed scale offers a culturally grounded and psychometrically supported instrument for evaluating culture and tolerance within mega sporting events. Further cross-cultural validation and longitudinal testing are recommended to strengthen its generalizability and broader applicability.
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