ArticleCirculation. Population health and outcomes2026
Association Between Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health and Early Arterial Injury in Young Adults in the United States: The Future of Families-Cardiovascular Health Among Young Adults Study.
Article in Circulation. Population health and outcomes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trends in prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages among US young adults, 2011-2020.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026Article
- What's good for the heart is good for the brain? Evidence from a rural cohort on the longitudinal relationship between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and cognitive decline.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe American Heart Association recently introduced the novel construct of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome, but it is unclear how the CKM staging construct applies to young adults and how it may correlate with cardiovascular health status and carotid artery health.
methodsIn the FF-CHAYA study (Future of Families-Cardiovascular Health Among Young Adults), we defined CKM stages using the American Heart Association's framework. Cardiovascular health was measured by Life's Essential 8 scores (a composite metric consisting of dietary quality, physical activity, sleep, nicotine exposure, body mass index, blood glycemia, blood lipids, and blood pressure). We examined cross-sectional associations of CKM stages with Life's Essential 8 scores and carotid ultrasonography measures using multivariable regression models adjusted for age, self-identified gender, and self-identified race/ethnicity.
resultsAmong 1283 FF-CHAYA participants (mean [SD] age, 22.9 [0.7] years; 54.4% women), 20.7% of participants were classified as Stage 0 CKM (no risk factors), 40.2% as Stage 1 CKM (excess adiposity), 36.2% as Stage 2 CKM (metabolic risk factors), and 2.8% as Stage 3 CKM (subclinical cardiovascular disease or advanced kidney disease). Compared with Stage 0, participants in Stages 1 to 3 had significantly lower Life's Essential 8 scores (β, -7.6 [95% CI, -9.4 to -5.8] for Stage 1, -13.9 [95% CI, -15.7 to -12.0] for Stage 2, -13.2 [95% CI, -17.4 to -9.0] for Stage 3). In addition, Stages 1 to 3 had significantly higher mean-mean and mean-maximum carotid intima-medial thickness and lower gray scale median compared with Stage 0. For example, mean-maximum carotid intima-medial thickness was 0.014 mm higher (95% CI, 0.005-0.020) for Stage 1, 0.020 mm higher (95% CI, 0.017-0.035) for Stage 2, and 0.100 mm higher (95% CI, 0.085-0.128) for Stage 3, compared with Stage 0.
conclusionsAmong young adults, a more advanced CKM stage was associated with worse cardiovascular health, including greater evidence of early arterial injury. These findings elucidate the need for earlier preventive efforts and population-level interventions to address upstream drivers of CKM health.
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