Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42618283›Full record

Observational studyBMJ open respiratory research2026

Influence of leaks and mask design on CO

Nattapat Wongtirawit, Rosie Butterworth, Fernando Vieira, Annia Schreiber, Matthew Ko, Laurent Brochard

Registry-linked trialAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMJ open respiratory research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03902639 (Comparative Study of the Physiological Effects of High Flow Nasal Cannula and Non-invasive Ventilation in Healthy Volunteers), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03902639 unknown statusnot on this map

Comparative Study of the Physiological Effects of High Flow Nasal Cannula and Non-invasive Ventilation in Healthy Volunteers

TypeobservationalSponsorUnity Health TorontoRan2019 to 2024Enrolled10ConditionsHealthy Volunteers
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Nattapat WongtirawitKeenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada n.wongtirawit@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-2217
Rosie ButterworthKeenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Fernando VieiraKeenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Annia SchreiberKeenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Matthew KoKeenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laurent BrochardKeenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNon-invasive ventilation (NIV) interface can generate carbon dioxide (CO DESIGN, SETTINGS,

participantsA bench study was followed by a physiological study. The bench study used a mannequin head connected to a breathing simulator exhaling CO

resultsThe bench study showed (1) mask design as a whole, rather than intentional leak flow rate, was the main determinant of CO

conclusionsMask design significantly influences CO TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03902639.

Indexed as

Carbon DioxideEquipment DesignMasksNoninvasive VentilationAdultEquipment FailureExhalationFemaleHumansMaleManikinsCarbon DioxideLung PhysiologyNon invasive ventilationRespiratory Measurement

Identifiers

PMID42618283
PMCPMC13504840

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.