ArticleThe Journal of general virology2026
Dose-dependent effects of recombinant spike protein-based vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics and the emergence of variants in hamster models.
Article in The Journal of general virology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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13 authors.
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued to circulate globally through the persistent emergence of novel variants. Vaccination has been regarded as one of the selective environments that can influence SARS-CoV-2 evolution by exerting immune pressure. This study investigated the evolutionary dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in hamsters immunized with varying doses of a full-length spike protein vaccine, potentially reflecting the heterogeneous levels of immunity. In hamster models, higher vaccine doses prevented viral replication in the lungs but only partially suppressed replication in the nasal passages. After excluding intra-host single-nucleotide variants (iSNVs) detected in non-vaccinated controls, a negative binomial model adjusting for read depth revealed a significant vaccine dose-dependent increase in iSNV occurrence in the Spike, ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF3a genes in nasal samples and positive selection signals were predominantly observed in the highest vaccine dose group. The iSNVs were observed in diverse and distinct combinations that were unique to each individual, reflecting host-specific intra-host mutation patterns. Some aa substitutions detected in at least two individuals in the vaccinated group were more frequently observed in the Omicron variant.
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