Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42616277›Full record

ArticleBulletin of mathematical biology2026

Making Ends Meet or Just Meeting at the Ends? Assessing End-to-End Distance in Folded RNA Sequences and Other Branched Structures.

Torin Greenwood, Christine Heitsch

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Bulletin of mathematical biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Torin GreenwoodDepartment of Mathematics, North Dakota State University, 1210 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA. torin.greenwood@ndsu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4598-7059
Christine HeitschSchool of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 686 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. heitsch@math.gatech.edu.

Funding

ConProject-001R01GM126554 · NIGMS · GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI HEITSCH, CHRISTINE E · 2017 to 2021
$1.7M
Division of Mathematical Sciences DMS 1764406Foundation for the National Institutes of Health R01GM1265554NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM126554Simons Foundation SFARI 594594
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Researchers have repeatedly found that the ends of an RNA sequence are significantly closer than expected for a random linear chain. However, we prove that the ends of a branched structure are almost certainly close. Our results are obtained via combinatorial branching models of increasing complexity using tools from multivariate analytic combinatorics. We completely characterize parameters tracking end-to-end distance, including means and variances. Then, we compare to existing datasets of known RNA structures, as well as the minimum free-energy structures of randomized shuffles. We find that the shuffled structures resemble our theoretical distributions while the known RNA structures have similar parameter values but are more concentrated. The helices on the exterior loop of a structure draw the ends of the sequence together, and we find evidence that these helices are more stable than expected when compared to their counterparts in uniformly random branched structures.

Indexed as

Nucleic Acid ConformationRNARNA FoldingBase SequenceMathematical ConceptsModels, MolecularThermodynamicsRNAAnalytic combinatoricsDyckMotzkinPfoldRNASecondary structuresStochastic context-free grammar

Identifiers

PMID42616277
PMCPMC13490249

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.