ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Temporal trends in long-term relative survival of cutaneous verrucous carcinoma: a period analysis from a large-scale SEER-based cohort.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Cutaneous verrucous carcinoma (CVC) is a rare, well-differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma characterized by slow progression, local invasiveness, and limited propensity for metastasis. Despite these clinical features, comprehensive population-based evidence on long-term survival outcomes is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term relative survival (RS) of CVC patients over 20 years using period analysis, providing insights to guide future prevention and therapeutic approaches. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the SEER 17 database (2000-2019) from the U.S. National Cancer Institute. All patients with histologically confirmed CVC were identified using ICD-O-3 histology code 8051/3 and primary site codes restricted to skin (C44.0-C44.9). Period analysis, a statistical approach that provides up-to-date survival estimates by incorporating recent follow-up data, was employed to calculate 3- and 5-year relative survival rates. Survival estimates were stratified by variables including age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. Additionally, model-based projections for the 2020-2024 period were generated using an established generalized linear model to forecast future survival trends. Results: A total of 2,031 patients were included. Survival trends were heterogeneous across subgroups. In the most recent period (2015-2019), the overall 3- and 5-year RS rates were 85.3 and 82.9%, respectively. Male patients demonstrated improving RS over time, with 5-year RS reaching 87.6% in 2015-2019, while female patients exhibited a declining trend, with 5-year RS of 74.9% in the same period. Analysis of race revealed that White patients exhibited the highest 5-year RS at 84.8%, while Black patients had the lowest at 65.9%. Regarding the residential area, rural patients achieved a higher 5-year RS (87.4%) compared to metropolitan patients (81.9%) in 2015-2019. Socioeconomic factors also influenced outcomes, with patients in higher income brackets projected to achieve superior RS through 2020-2024. Although disparities in survival by sex, race, age, and socioeconomic status remained evident, model-based projections suggest continued divergence across subgroups through 2020-2024. Conclusion: Survival trends among CVC patients from 2000 to 2019 were heterogeneous across subgroups, with improving outcomes in males and younger patients but declining trends in females, older age groups, and urban residents. Persistent disparities by sex, race, income, and residence remain a significant concern. Targeted strategies are needed to address these inequities and improve outcomes for vulnerable groups.
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