ArticleArchives of academic emergency medicine2026
Nano-Formulated Apelin13 Reduces Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Suppressing Activity of TLR4/MyD88/NF-кB Axis and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines; an Experimental Study.
Article in Archives of academic emergency medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Nanocarrier-mediated delivery represents a promising strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological agents. This study investigated whether encapsulating the endogenous peptide apelin-13 in niosomes (Nano-Apelin13) could improve its protective effects against ischemic stroke injury in rats. Methods: Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24-hour reperfusion. Sixty rats were randomly allocated into five experimental groups: Sham, CI/R (ischemia/reperfusion), CI/R + empty niosomes, CI/R + free Apelin13, and CI/R + Nano-Apelin13. Free Apelin13 and Nano-Apelin13 (40 µg/kg) were administered intravenously 1 hour after reperfusion onset. After 24 hours, cerebral infarction size, neurological deficit scores, brain water content, and neuronal damage were evaluated. Protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β were analyzed by western blotting. Results: Both free Apelin13 and Nano-Apelin13 significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological scores, decreased neuronal loss, and downregulated MyD88 and NF-κB expression. However, Nano-Apelin13 demonstrated superior efficacy, normalizing several parameters to sham-operated levels. Notably, Nano-Apelin13 significantly suppressed TLR4 expression and attenuated cerebral edema and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, effects that were either significantly enhanced or absent in the free Apelin13-treated group. Conclusion: Delivery of Apelin13 in niosomes could be a good option to reduce CI/R damage by inhibiting the activity of TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB axis compared to free Apelin13.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.