ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Integrated plasma proteomics identifies HLA-G and osteopontin as circulating biomarkers of resistance to PD-1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy in choriocarcinoma.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Although programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors combined with chemotherapy have improved outcomes in high-risk choriocarcinoma, primary resistance remains a clinically important challenge without reliable predictive biomarkers. Methods: We performed data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) on pretreatment plasma from a nested discovery subset of 30 patients, followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assessment of shortlisted candidates in the full cohort of 60 patients. An exploratory two-marker logistic model was developed and internally assessed in the same cohort. Exploratory tissue immunophenotyping and analyses of public tissue-transcriptomic and immunotherapy datasets were used to provide biological context. Results: DIA-MS identified a resistance-associated plasma proteomic signature enriched in inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators among patients with progressive disease. In the full-cohort ELISA assessment, elevated baseline plasma HLA-G and osteopontin (OPN) were associated with primary resistance. The exploratory two-marker model showed an apparent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.908. In the limited tissue subset, higher HLA-G expression tended to be associated with lower CD8-positive T-cell density, whereas higher OPN expression was associated with increased CD163-positive macrophage density. Public-dataset analyses provided supportive context for associations of HLA-G and SPP1 transcript expression with immune-related programs and unfavorable outcomes. Discussion: Elevated circulating HLA-G and OPN are associated with resistance to PD-1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy in choriocarcinoma and may serve as candidate minimally invasive biomarkers for pretreatment risk stratification. Independent validation and functional investigation are required before clinical application.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.