ArticleDevelopmental science2026
Cumulative Exposure to Harsh Discipline at Home and School on Child Development: Evidence From Ghana.
Article in Developmental science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Violence against children violates human rights and fundamentally challenges the global objectives outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Children may frequently experience harsh discipline in both homes and schools, two main settings for early learning and development, yet longitudinal evidence on the developmental consequences of exposure to harsh discipline across these two settings remains scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further, the interaction between harsh discipline at home and in school remains underexplored. Drawing on data from a longitudinal study in Ghana, we examine whether repeated exposure to harsh discipline at home and school across three years (which we define as "cumulative exposure") among pre-primary school children aged 5-8 years (N = 663; M
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