ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2026
Global epidemiology of metabolic and alcohol-associated liver disease: risk factors, natural history and clinical implications.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metabolic and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD) is driven by alcohol consumption and the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs), mainly obesity and diabetes. Since its formal definition in 2023, accumulating evidence suggests that MetALD affects approximately 4.1% of the global adult population, with marked regional heterogeneity. However, under-recognition remains pervasive because alcohol intake is systematically under-reported; objective biomarkers such as phosphatidylethanol increase the diagnosis of MetALD by up to fourfold. Moreover, MetALD confers a substantially higher risk of progression to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and major adverse liver outcomes compared with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Emerging data indicate that alcohol and CMRFs act synergistically rather than additively, accelerating liver inflammation and fibrosis. Cost-effectiveness analyses support risk-based screening that couples simple blood-based non-invasive tests with imaging and advanced serum biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Key research priorities include refining epidemiological estimates, standardizing biomarker cut-offs, elucidating dynamic interactions between alcohol and CMRFs, validating non-invasive prognostic tools, and evaluating therapies that target both metabolic and alcohol-related injury. Addressing these gaps is essential to mitigate the growing clinical and economic burden of MetALD.
Identifiers
42613422What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.