Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42613394›Full record

ArticleWorld journal of urology2026

Artificial intelligence in robotic urologic surgery: a scoping review.

Francesco Cei, Hossein Arang, Ethan Layne, Conner Ganjavi, Severin Rodler, Edoardo Beatrici, Pieter De Backer, Ruben De Groote, Geert De Naeyer, Alexandre Mottrie and 11 more

Abstract readScoping Review
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in World journal of urology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Francesco CeiUnit of Urology, Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. cei.francesco@hsr.it.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7732-8651
Hossein ArangFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, King's Health Partner's, London, UK.
Ethan LayneUSC Institute of Urology and Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Conner GanjaviUSC Institute of Urology and Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Severin RodlerDepartment of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Edoardo BeatriciDepartment of Urology, OLV Hospital Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
Pieter De BackerDepartment of Urology, OLV Hospital Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
Ruben De GrooteDepartment of Urology, OLV Hospital Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
Geert De NaeyerDepartment of Urology, OLV Hospital Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
Alexandre MottrieDepartment of Urology, OLV Hospital Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
Andrea SaloniaUnit of Urology, Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
Giorgio GandagliaUnit of Urology, Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
Francesco MontorsiUnit of Urology, Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
Giovanni CacciamaniUSC Institute of Urology and Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Nicholas RaisonFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, King's Health Partner's, London, UK.
Alejandro GranadosFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, King's Health Partner's, London, UK.
Anna KimFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, King's Health Partner's, London, UK.
Sebastien OurselinFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, King's Health Partner's, London, UK.
Armando StabileUnit of Urology, Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
Prokar DasguptaFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, King's Health Partner's, London, UK.
Alberto BrigantiUnit of Urology, Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimArtificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being integrated into robotic urologic surgery. However, existing literature remains fragmented across different technological domains. This scoping review aimed to systematically map and synthesize current evidence on AI applications within robotic urologic surgery, identifying principal domains, clinical relevance, and existing limitations. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for English-language peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2024. Studies were included if they evaluated AI applications integrated into the robotic surgical workflow (computer vision, augmented reality, cognitive analytics, skill assessment, or outcomes prediction). Reviews, editorials, and non-robotic applications were excluded. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Of 256 records identified, 47 met the inclusion criteria. Applications were distributed across five domains: computer vision (19%), augmented reality and navigation (15%), AI-driven objective skill assessment (30%), cognitive analytics (17%), and surgical outcomes prediction (19%). Most studies were single-center feasibility investigations. Computer vision demonstrated high technical accuracy for instrument and gesture recognition, while AI-based performance metrics showed emerging associations with clinically relevant outcomes. Augmented reality systems improved anatomical visualization and surgical planning, and cognitive analytics explored real-time workload assessment.

conclusionAI in robotic urologic surgery is predominantly focused on assistive and analytical applications, particularly intraoperative image analysis and objective performance assessment. While early evidence suggests technical feasibility and potential clinical value, most systems remain investigational. Robust multicenter validation, workflow integration, and governance frameworks addressing accountability and data management are required before routine clinical implementation.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceRobotic Surgical ProceduresUrologic Surgical ProceduresHumansArtificial intelligenceAugmented realityComputer visionRobotic surgerySurgical outcomesSurgical training

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.