ArticleAnnals of medicine2026
The hidden vulnerability: heavy and persistent burden of dietary iron deficiency among women and children in China, India and globally based on the global burden of disease 2021.
Article in Annals of medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
methodsA hierarchical analytical framework was adopted to establish the overall landscape across 204 countries and territories, with a focus on China, India, and the global scale from 1990 to 2021. Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, this study focused on prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized rates (ASRs) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was used to project disease burden from 2021-2036 . Health inequality and frontier analyses were incorporated to examine the association between sociodemographic index (SDI) and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDRs).
resultsDID predominantly affects people in low- and middle-income countries, especially women aged 20-54. In 2021, global ASDR was 423.74(95% UI: 285.27-610.83)/100,000, with a decline from 517.98(95% UI: 353.99-730.97)/100,000 in 1990. China's ASDR decreased from 285.82(95% UI: 192.63-407.64) in 1990 to 115.30(95% UI: 76.36-166.42) in 2021. India exhibited increasing burden among younger populations and women, with EAPC of 0.36(95% CI: 0.30-0.41;
conclusionsThe study indicates that while global and China's DID burdens have improved since 1990, challenges persist in India. India requires interventions to mitigate DID burden in high-risk groups.
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