ReviewAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2026
Carbohydrate and Energy Composition of Preterm Human Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
Preterm human milk (HM) is a major source of carbohydrates (CHOs), primarily lactose, which contribute to energy intake and support growth and neurodevelopment. This systematic review and meta-analyses quantified total CHO, lactose, and energy content in preterm HM. EBSCO (Health Source-Nursing/Academic Edition and MEDLINE with Full Text), PubMed, and Scopus were searched through July 2023 for studies reporting nutrient composition in preterm HM (<37 wk gestation) from countries with a Human Development Index ≥0.8 to reduce potential heterogeneity that may influence HM composition. Cross-sectional, case-control (n ≥ 1), prospective cohort, and randomized controlled trials published in English were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts. Of the studies meeting inclusion criteria, this meta-analysis included articles that reported total CHO, lactose, and energy content in preterm HM. Random-effects models estimated pooled mean amounts of total CHO, lactose, and energy across studies. Heterogeneity was estimated using I
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