ReviewNeurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology2026
Immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis.
Review in Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex, progressive neurodegenerative autoimmune disease and a major cause of neurological disability worldwide. MS affects approximately 2.8-3 million people, predominantly presenting as relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) that frequently converts to secondary progressive disease, while effective options for progressive phenotypes remain limited.
methodsThis review reframes MS immunotherapy through a tolerance-centric paradigm, distinguishing continuous maintenance disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) from immune reconstitution therapies (IRTs) and emerging antigen-specific tolerance strategies.
resultsClassical immune reconstitution therapies, including alemtuzumab, cladribine, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT), have demonstrated durable disease control and prolonged periods of no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) in appropriately selected patients. This is accomplished through a finite course of lymphocyte depletion followed by qualitative immune repopulation that favors tolerogenic regulatory T (Treg) and regulatory B (Breg) cells over pathogenic Th1/Th17 clones. In contrast, maintenance DMTs (interferons, sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators, anti-CD20 monoclonals, natalizumab) suppress inflammation activity during continuous administration but lack durable immune reset. Building on IRT principles, next-generation cell-based therapies (tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs), autologous Tregs, and mesenchymal stromal cells/extracellular vesicles (MSCs/EVs)), aim to induce precision, antigen-specific tolerance while minimizing systemic immunosuppression. These approaches hold promise for overcoming the limitations of chronic immunosuppression, providing durable disease control, and improving long-term patient outcomes. DISCUSSION: Collectively, immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies represent an emerging shift from lifelong disease control toward durable immune resetting and the possibility of sustained drug-free remission in MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.