Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42611212›Full record

ArticleACS nano2026

Targeting 100% Lithium Utilization in Lithium Metal Batteries.

Seungwoo Choi, Juyoung Kim, Jiyeon Seo, Khalil Amine, Peng Bai, Dae-Kwon Boo, Zheng Chen, Yujang Cho, Jang Wook Choi, Nam-Soon Choi and 41 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ACS nano, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

51 authors.

Seungwoo ChoiSchool of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea.
Juyoung KimSchool of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea.
Jiyeon SeoDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea.
Khalil AmineChemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-9206-3719
Peng BaiDepartment of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-2419-3498
Dae-Kwon BooDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, Republic of Korea.
Zheng ChenAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-9186-4298
Yujang ChoDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea.
Jang Wook ChoiSchool of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0001-8783-0901
Nam-Soon ChoiDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-1183-5735
Tae Young ChoiSchool of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea.
Wootaek ChoiSchool of Semiconductor Convergence Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu41566, Republic of Korea.
Yi CuiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-6103-6352
Betar M GallantDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 33 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-4586-2769
Shiyu GeDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States.
Kelsey B HatzellAndlinger Center for Energy and Environment, Princeton University, 86, Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-5222-7288
Yushin JangDepartment of Battery Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea.
Zhengyu JuMaterials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-6994-5286
Ji-Won JungDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0001-7044-4764
Hee-Tak KimDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-4578-5422
Ilgyu KimDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, Republic of Korea.
Min-Ho KimDepartment of Energy Engineering, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju-si58217, Republic of Korea.
Mun Sek KimSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore.
Patrick Joohyun KimSchool of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu41566, Republic of Korea.
Sang Cheol KimDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117585, Singapore.
Yaejin KimDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea.
Seongjae KoDepartment of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan.
Hyegang KooDepartment of Battery Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea.
Hochun LeeDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0001-9907-5915
Jiyoung LeeDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeonggi-do16499, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-8207-9255
Ju LiDepartment of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-7841-8058
Yuzhang LiDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States.
Ping LiuAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-1488-1668
Yijin LiuMaterials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States.
Jeffrey LopezDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-6425-5550
Matthew T McDowellG. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-5552-3456
Thanh NguyenDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States.
Solomon T OyakhireSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.
Sapna L RameshDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States.
Mingyu SagongDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea.
Nanyang WangSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore.
Jamie H WarnerMaterials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-1271-2019
Sujeong WooSchool of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu41566, Republic of Korea.
Gui-Liang XuChemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-9969-883X
Kang XuSES AI, 35 Cabot Road, Woburn, Massachusetts01801, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-6946-8635
Yan YaoMaterials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston, University of Houston, Houston, Texas77204, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-8785-5030
Guihua YuMaterials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-3253-0749
Ji-Guang ZhangEnergy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-7343-4609
Il-Doo KimDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-9970-2218
Hongkyung LeeDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-7732-2089
Hyun-Wook LeeSchool of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0001-9074-1619

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea RS-2024-00428511National Research Foundation of Korea RS-2024-00435493National Research Foundation of Korea RS-2025-25441256NTU Support Grant for Research 025661-00005Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 1.260004.01US Department of Energy, Transportation Technologies Office DE-AC02-06CH11357US Department of Energy, Transportation Technologies Office NA
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) represent the ultimate solution to mankind's quest for the Holy Grail of batteries, where the cell-level energy density is maximized on the assumption that lithium (Li0) must be fully utilized with near 100% Coulombic efficiency. Although substantial progress has been made since the anode-free concept was first proposed, the challenges presented by the most powerful anode material that can be found on the periodic table still remain unresolved due to its extreme reactive nature, which not only makes it impossible to retain 100% reversibility but also induces inhomogeneity during repeated plating/stripping cycles and persistent capacity loss over a long period of time. The isolated study approaches, emphasizing either individual electrolyte components or interphasial chemistry engineering, but mostly focused on the negative-electrode current collector, hinder insight into issues arising when these components are assembled into cells and forced to interface with each other. In this review, we attempt to examine this high-dimensional topic from a panoramic perspective, with the focus placed on the liquid electrolytes. We first outline the fundamental operating principles of key individual battery components, together with practical perspectives for evaluating lithium utilization and reversibility in AFLMBs. We then discuss how these components interact when assembled into full cells, how such interactions give rise to heterogeneous electrochemical and mechanical behaviors, and how these phenomena can be characterized and regulated. It is also outlined that a hierarchical perspective on lithium behavior, spanning from the nano- to cell-scale, is essential to enable plating, stripping, and recovery in AFLMBs. Finally, we present perspectives from leading researchers actively working on the various elements that constitute AFLMBs and integrate these viewpoints to clarify the future research directions of this field. By providing a system-level framework for understanding AFLMBs, this review aims to guide future research efforts and contribute to addressing the broader challenges of sustainable energy storage.

Indexed as

anode-free lithium metal batteriescurrent collectordead lithiumlithium compensationlithium inventorylithium losslithium metal batterieslithium recoveryperfect strippingself-recovering closed loop

Identifiers

PMID42611212
PMCPMC13492478

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.