ArticleThe journal of adhesive dentistry2026
Effect of Etching Protocols on the Bonding Performance of a HEMA-Free Two-Step Universal Adhesive to Caries-Affected Dentin.
Article in The journal of adhesive dentistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeTo assess the bonding performance of a two-step universal adhesive applied in etch-and-rinse and self-etch protocols to caries-affected dentin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Mid-coronal dentin surfaces were obtained from extracted human molars and assigned to either sound or caries-affected dentin groups. Specimens were randomly distributed into 12 subgroups (n = 10) based on adhesive type (G2-Bond Universal, Gluma Bond Universal, Clearfil S3 Bond Universal), bonding protocol (self-etch or etch-and-rinse), and evaluation period (24 h or aging). Resin composite blocks were fabricated and subjected to shear bond strength testing after 24 h or 10,000 thermocycles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to measure the degree of conversion of each adhesive. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Weibull analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05).
resultsAdhesive type and bonding protocol significantly influenced bond strength (p 0.001), whereas substrate condition and thermocycling had no significant impact (p > 0.05). After aging, Clearfil S3 Bond Universal in the self-etch protocol presented considerably lower bond strength to caries-affected dentin compared with G2-Bond Universal and Gluma Bond Universal, with no significant difference between the latter two. After aging, Gluma Bond Universal and G2-Bond Universal revealed significantly greater bond strength to caries-affected dentin when applied in the self-etch protocol than in the etch-and-rinse protocol. No significant differences were detected among adhesives when the etch-and-rinse protocol was used, regardless of testing time and substrate.
conclusionsPhosphoric acid pre-etching negatively affected the bonding performance of Gluma Bond Universal and G2-Bond Universal to caries-affected dentin.
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