ReviewJournal of asthma and allergy2026
IL-Mediated Macrophage Polarization Axis: From Inflammatory Positive Feedback Loop to Precision Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Allergic Rhinitis-A Narrative Review.
Review in Journal of asthma and allergy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
This narrative review comprehensively elaborates the complicated interleukin (IL)-macrophage polarization axis as the core pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR), focusing on layered molecular regulatory mechanisms covering inflammatory signaling, metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modulation. Pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α bind to TLR receptors to activate NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome and PI3K/Akt cascades, triggering M1 macrophage overactivation and acute nasal congestion, rhinorrhea via robust inflammatory mediator release. By contrast, anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10 predominantly activate STAT6 signaling to drive abnormal M2 macrophage accumulation, sustaining persistent type 2 inflammation and irreversible nasal tissue remodeling; notably, IL-17 presents concentration-dependent bidirectional regulation on macrophage phenotypes. Metabolic reprogramming featured with glycolysis-oxidative phosphorylation switch, together with DNA methylation, histone modification and non-cRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation, serve as vital downstream executors linking IL signals to macrophage polarization imbalance. Conventional glucocorticoids, antihistamines and monoclonal antibodies including omalizumab and dupilumab (targeting IL-4Rα) exert therapeutic efficacy via intervening this axis, while multiple natural herbal constituents and classic TCM formulas also modulate relevant inflammatory pathways to alleviate AR symptoms. For translational application, the CD206/CD86 macrophage polarization ratio is highlighted as a representative candidate biomarker for disease severity assessment. Collectively, this review integrates multi-layered regulatory evidence and lays theoretical support for developing novel precision-targeted anti-allergic therapies.
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