Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42609628›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026

Dry eye disease in axial spondyloarthritis: heterogeneous ocular surface dysfunction involving tear film instability and tear production from the AIDA network registry.

Valeria Caggiano, Antonio Vitale, Jessica Sbalchiero, Abdurrahman Tufan, Guillermo Arturo Guaracha-Basañez, Perla Ayumi Kawakami-Campos, Andrea Hinojosa-Azaola, Rahime Duran, Hamit Kucuk, Gaafar Ragab and 31 more

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Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

41 authors.

Valeria Caggiano *Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Antonio Vitale *Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Jessica SbalchieroDepartment of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Abdurrahman TufanDivision of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye.
Guillermo Arturo Guaracha-BasañezDepartment of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
Perla Ayumi Kawakami-CamposDepartment of Ophthalmology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
Andrea Hinojosa-AzaolaDepartment of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
Rahime DuranDivision of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye.
Hamit KucukDivision of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye.
Gaafar RagabRheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Piero RuscittiRheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Giuseppe LopalcoDepartment of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Anastasios KaramanakosDepartment of Rheumatology, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Lampros FotisDepartment of Pediatrics, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Mahmoud GhanemaRheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Paola CiprianiRheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Maria MorroneDepartment of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Aikaterini DimouliDepartment of Rheumatology, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Katerina KourtesiDepartment of Pediatrics, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Samar TharwatRheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
Abdelhfeez MoshrifDepartment of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
Jurgen SotaDepartment of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Adrián Mayo-JuanateyDepartment of Rheumatology, Doctor Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
Oksana BoyarchukDepartment of Children's Diseases and Pediatric Surgery, Ternopil Regional Children's Hospital, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
Amr EdreesDivision of Rheumatology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States.
Patrizia BaronePediatric Rheumatology Unit, Department of integrated Maternal-Child and Reproduction Activity, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy.
Francesco CarubbiInternal Medicine and Nephrology Division, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, ASL1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Maria Sole ChimentiRheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
Alessandro ConfortiU.O. Medicina Generale, Ospedale San Paolo di Civitavecchia, ASL Roma 4, Civitavecchia, Italy.
Maissa ThabetDepartment of Internal Medicine, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
Daniela Opris-BelinskiDepartment of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
Şükran ErtenDepartment of Rheumatology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara-Tüürkiy.
Mohamed Tharwat HegazyRheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Maria Antonietta MazzeiEuropean Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (ERN-RITA) Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
Chiara PiscitelloEuropean Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (ERN-RITA) Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
Bruno FredianiDepartment of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Alberto BalistreriEuropean Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (ERN-RITA) Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
Carlos Cifuentes-GonzálezDepartment of Ocular Immunology, Ophthalmology Research Center, SIGMA Clinic, Cali, Colombia.
Alejandra de-la-TorreNeuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
Luca CantariniDepartment of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Claudia FabianiEuropean Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (ERN-RITA) Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: Dry eye disease (DED) has been described in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), but patterns of tear fluid and ocular surface involvement remain incompletely characterized. This study aims to evaluate tear film instability and tear production in axSpA and explore the heterogeneity of DED manifestations. Methods: Axial spondyloarthritis patients and healthy controls underwent non-invasive tear break-up time (niTBUT), Schirmer test, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)- 6 evaluation. Group differences were assessed using niTBUT thresholds (<10 s and <5 s). Results: Mean niTBUT was significantly lower in axSpA patients than controls (7.85 ± 5.63 vs. 10.61 ± 5.27 s; Conclusion: Within the present cohort, a niTBUT <5 s showed greater discriminative performance than the conventional 10-s cut-off and may identify a subgroup of axSpA patients with more severe tear film instability. Aging contributes to tear film instability, but axSpA independently contributes to severe niTBUT impairment. Tear film instability and reduced tear secretion are both involved in DED affecting axSpA patients.

Indexed as

dry eye disease (DED)Schirmer testspondyloarthritistear break-up time (TBUT)tear film instabilitytear production

Identifiers

PMID42609628
PMCPMC13479341

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