Observational studyFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026
Admission CD4
Observational study in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: T cell co-inhibitory molecule upregulation is linked to sepsis-induced immune suppression, but the relationship between B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) expression and ICU-acquired infection or organ function recovery in sepsis remains unclear. Methods: This single-center prospective observational cohort study enrolled 143 septic ICU patients. BTLA on CD4+/CD8+ T cells was measured at ICU admission and on days 3/7. Patients were stratified into high- (n=72) and low- (n=71) BTLA-CD4 groups by median baseline CD4+ BTLA level. Primary outcome was ICU-acquired infection developing more than 48 hours after ICU admission. Secondary outcomes included PaO Results: The high-expression group had higher ICU-acquired infection (38.9% vs.21.1%, P = 0.033) and 28-day mortality (33.3% vs.9.9%, P = 0.001), but BTLA-CD4 was not an independent predictor for either after multivariable adjustment (infection: OR = 0.937, 95%CI:0.859-1.021, P = 0.139; mortality: HR = 1.034, 95%CI:0.965-1.108, P = 0.342). In a competing-risks analysis accounting for death before weaning, higher BTLA-CD4 was independently associated with delayed ventilator weaning (cause-specific HR = 0.882, 95%CI:0.832-0.936, P<0.001; Fine-Gray subdistribution HR = 0.940, 95%CI:0.902-0.981, P = 0.004). The low-expression group had faster oxygenation recovery and more ventilator-free days (P<0.001). Conclusion: Elevated CD4+ T cell BTLA expression at ICU admission is independently associated with delayed ventilator weaning in sepsis. Its links to infection and mortality appear to be driven by disease severity. Admission CD4+ T cell BTLA expression may identify a sepsis immune phenotype associated with impaired respiratory recovery, rather than acting as a direct regulator of lung repair.
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