Prioritizing Shark, Ray, and Chimaera Conservation in Rapidly Changing Polar Waters.

Climate-driven alterations in sea-ice dynamics and shifting fishing activity are reshaping ecosystems across the Arctic and Antarctic, yet conservation-relevant information for chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) remains limited. We present the first assessment of Important Shark and Ray Areas (ISRAs) across Polar Waters, integrating species distributions, extinction risk, critical habitat evidence, spatial protection coverage, apparent fishing effort (2013-2018 vs. 2019-2024), and sea-ice concentration trends. Of 86 chondrichthyan species reported from Polar Waters, only 15 (17.4%) had sufficient evidence to meet the ISRA Criteria, and 28 (32.6%) are threatened with extinction. We identified 35 ISRAs (27 Arctic; 8 Antarctic) covering 0.75% of the Polar Waters region. ISRAs were delineated predominantly based on data from scientific fishing surveys and harvest fisheries. Most Antarctic ISRAs were delineated under Criterion B-Range Restricted, reflecting endemism and scarce life-history evidence. Major knowledge gaps persist, particularly for highly adapted Polar Species (10 species) and deepwater taxa (72.1% of regional chondrichthyan fauna). Between 2013 and 2024, the spatial footprint of fishing expanded in both poles for trawlers and longliners, despite stable or declining fishing hours in some fleets. Concurrent areas of increasing fishing effort and decreasing sea-ice concentration remained minimal. However, apparent fishing effort overlapped with most ISRAs, indicating ongoing fishing pressure in critical habitats. Marine Protected Area (MPA) coverage remains uneven: 8.2% of Arctic ISRA spatial extent overlaps MPAs (0.8% no-take), compared with 43.8% in the Antarctic (14.8% no-take), with insufficient effective coverage in areas beyond national jurisdiction. These results reveal substantial mismatches between chondrichthyan critical habitats, fishing exposure, and existing protection measures. Integrating ISRAs into existing management frameworks, such as Target 3 of the Global Biodiversity Framework, High Seas Treaty mechanisms, and fisheries governance bodies, will be essential to safeguard vulnerable polar chondrichthyans as sea-ice concentration declines and exposure risk increases.