Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42608136›Full record

ArticleBMJ open diabetes research & care2026

Cardiometabolic factors and risk of dementia in people with type 2 diabetes in England: a large retrospective cohort study.

Heidi Tm Lai, Kiara Chang, Mansour Ta Sharabiani, Jonathan Valabhji, Edward W Gregg, Lefkos T Middleton, Azeem Majeed, Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard, Christopher J Millett, Alex Bottle and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Heidi Tm LaiPublic Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK heidi@faresinst.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5540-6612
Kiara ChangPublic Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK.
Mansour Ta SharabianiDepartment of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK.
Jonathan ValabhjiDepartment of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, Imperial College London, London, England, UK.
Edward W GreggSchool of Population Health, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland.
Lefkos T MiddletonImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England, UK.
Azeem MajeedDepartment of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK.
Jonathan Pearson-StuttardDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2175-9975
Christopher J MillettPublic Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK.
Alex BottleDepartment of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK.
Eszter P VamosPublic Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionPeople with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a higher dementia risk. Cardiometabolic factors may influence dementia development, but long-term links among people with T2D remain unclear. Prior studies show mixed findings and have not considered how the time before dementia diagnosis at which cardiometabolic factors are measured affects their association with dementia risk.

methodsWe examined the associations between eight routinely measured cardiometabolic factors (including blood pressure, lipid, and glycemic markers) and the risk of dementia in 249 958 adults with T2D from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (1999-2018). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was applied with age as the timescale and stratified by follow-up time at 5, 5-10, and ≥10 years before dementia diagnosis. Cardiometabolic factors were analyzed continuously and categorically using clinically relevant cut-offs.

results22 492 incident dementia cases were observed (1 257 998 person-years of follow-up). Higher systolic blood pressure was associated with a lower dementia risk, particularly when measured closer to the time of dementia diagnosis. Higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (90 vs 80 mm Hg) was associated with a 21% greater risk of dementia (95% CI 15% to 27%). Dementia risk was 32% (27%-36%) lower for those with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 (vs <25 kg/m

conclusionsHigher DBP, BMI, and glycemic measures measured over 10 years before dementia diagnosis were linked to a greater dementia risk among adults with T2D. Associations varied depending on when cardiometabolic factors were measured relative to dementia diagnosis, demonstrating the importance of distinguishing potential long-term risk factors from short-term markers of dementia development.

Indexed as

Cardiometabolic Risk FactorsDementiaDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2AgedAged, 80 and overBiomarkersBlood GlucoseBlood PressureEnglandFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisBiomarkersBlood GlucoseBlood PressureBody Mass IndexDementiaDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Identifiers

PMID42608136
PMCPMC13504886

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.