ArticleSports medicine - open2026
Exploring Factors to Explain Interindividual Responses to Running Economy in Advanced Footwear Technology Shoes: A Randomised Crossover Laboratory Trial with an Explanatory Predictor Analysis.
Article in Sports medicine - open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAdvanced footwear technology (AFT) generally improves running economy (RE) measures on average by 4%, although considerable interindividual variability exists. We aimed to explore this interindividual variability in RE response to AFT compared to a CONTROL shoe and identify potential predictors of this variability. Specifically, differences in participant characteristics (e.g., age, sex, anthropometrics, running experience and speed, prior AFT use, V̇O
methodsSixty-four participants (50% female) attended two laboratory sessions at the University of Waikato Sports Science Laboratory in Cambridge, New Zealand, between 10 October 2024 and 7 February 2025. The first session collected baseline information and participant characteristics related to anthropometric, stiffness, strength, and V̇O
resultsAFT significantly improved RE (4.13 ± 1.6%, range: - 2.62% [detrimental] to 11.01% [beneficial]) based on change in oxygen consumption. Significant differences between above-threshold (n = 53) and below-threshold (n = 11) responders were limited to the former exhibiting greater gastrocnemius medialis (GM) stiffness normalised to leg length (mean difference = 33.4 N·m
conclusionAFT enhanced RE in most runners, with few factors explaining the interindividual variance observed.
trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Trials Registry, ACTRN12624000753550, 18th June 2024, prospectively.
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