SynthesisVirulence2026
Epidemiological characteristics and structural-functional implications of spike protein variations in a bovine coronavirus isolate from diarrheic calves.
Synthesis in Virulence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an important pathogen associated with enteric disease in calves, contributing to significant economic losses worldwide. To provide an updated overview of BCoV epidemiology, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published up to October 2025. Seventy-two eligible studies comprising 29,045 samples from nine countries were included, yielding a pooled global prevalence of 20.39% (95% CI: 15.07-26.99). Substantial heterogeneity was observed, reflecting variations in geographic regions, detection methods, and study populations. To complement the epidemiological analysis, 298 fecal samples from diarrheic calves in northeastern China were screened by RT-PCR, identifying 36 BCoV-positive samples (12.08%). Co-infection analysis revealed that most positive samples contained additional enteric viruses, indicating complex viral interactions in calf diarrhea. A novel BCoV strain was isolated in MDBK cells and designated DDFX98. Viral identity was confirmed by PCR, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence assay. Complete genome sequencing demonstrated that DDFX98 belongs to the GIIb subtype and shares high nucleotide identity with contemporary circulating strains. Comparative analysis of the spike (S) protein revealed multiple amino acid substitutions predominantly located within the S1 subunit. Structural modeling suggested localized conformational variations, particularly in surface-exposed and flexible regions, while preserving the overall spike architecture. In silico predictions further indicated minor alterations in glycosylation potential and epitope-associated regions. Collectively, this study integrates global epidemiological evidence with molecular and structural characterization of a contemporary BCoV isolate, providing insights into S protein variability and its potential structural - functional implications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.