ArticleCureus2026
Beyond Immersion: A Stage-Based Framework for Cross-Modal Immersive Technologies in Medical Education.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and point-of-care ultrasound are increasingly used in medical education, yet most studies evaluate these tools in isolation. As a result, the relationships among immersive experience, cognitive workload, technical performance, and downstream diagnostic assessment remain poorly understood. This exploratory secondary analysis applied the Immersive Learning Engagement-Performance (ILEP) conceptual framework to a staged multimodal dataset to examine whether selected immersive psychological variables were associated with downstream Extension Proficiency Composite and exploratory distal diagnostic performance. Methods This theory-informed secondary analysis used participant-level data from a prospective staged protocol involving VR, AR, and ultrasound. All participants completed a VR module before assignment to an AR or ultrasound extension arm, and a subset also completed a dermoscopic image interpretation task as an exploratory downstream diagnostic assessment. Because of the staged design and modest sample size, analyses were conducted using a reduced observed-variable regression approach rather than latent structural equation modeling. Results Among participants completing the full final analytic pathway (N = 41), baseline dermoscopy knowledge was the strongest adjusted correlate of dermoscopic diagnostic accuracy (β = 0.86, p < 0.001). Extension Proficiency Composite showed a positive adjusted coefficient that did not reach statistical significance (β = 0.17, p = 0.060), while osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) Composite was not independently associated (p = 0.213). In the upstream model, VR-derived psychological presence and cognitive workload were not significantly associated with pooled extension-module performance, and the model demonstrated limited explanatory power (adjusted R^2 = 0.030). Conclusion Within this exploratory theory-informed analysis, distal dermoscopic diagnostic performance was primarily associated with baseline knowledge, whereas immersive psychological variables and Extension Proficiency Composite demonstrated limited or non-significant associations.
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