Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42604991›Full record

Observational studyPediatric obesity2026

Associations of Ultra-Processed Foods and Executive Function in Children With Obesity and Their Parents: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Ingrid Rivera-Iñiguez, David R Strong, Kyung E Rhee, Dawn M Eichen, Kerri N Boutelle

Registry-linked trialAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Pediatric obesity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01197443 (Parents as the Agent of Change for Childhood Obesity), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01197443 nacompletednot on this map

Parents as the Agent of Change for Childhood Obesity

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of California, San DiegoRan2010 to 2015Enrolled152ConditionsObesityArmsParent-only Group, Parent + Child Group
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Ingrid Rivera-IñiguezDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6129-6528
David R StrongHerbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-9032
Kyung E RheeDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-5869
Dawn M EichenDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5619-2177
Kerri N BoutelleDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9573-4765

Funding

Parents as the Agent of Change for Childhood ObesityR01DK075861 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI BOUTELLE, KERRI N · 2010 to 2014
$3.0M
NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK075861NIH HHS K02HL1120242NIH HHS R01DK075861
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUltra-processed foods (UPFs) are linked to obesity and cognitive decline, but evidence on their association with executive function (EF) in children is limited.

objectiveTo evaluate the UPFs-EF relationship in parent-child dyads with obesity seeking treatment.

methodsSecondary analysis of the FRESH trial (NCT01197443) conducted at the University of California, San Diego. A total of 141 Parent-child dyads; parent age = 43 years (6.6), BMI = 32 (6.4); child age = 9.9 years (1.3), BMIz = 2.0 (0.3); 31% Hispanic, 44% White, 25% other completed anthropometric, digit span backward (DSB), stop signal task (SST) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and dietary assessments. Linear regression models evaluated UPFs-EF associations, controlling for covariates.

resultsParent-child associations were observed for energy β = 0.15, p = 0.024; total UPFs β = 0.20, p = 0.018; savoury snacks β = 0.28, p = 0.018; ultra-processed (UP) meat, β = 0.60, p < 0.001; and sweetened beverages β = 0.24, p = 0.023. Most UPFs-EF associations were null. In children, UP meat predicted lower DSB scores (β = -0.104, 95% CI [-0.197, -0.013], p = 0.013), and in parents, sweetened beverages predicted failed SST (β = 0.606, 95% CI [0.018, 1.210], p = 0.044).

conclusionsThere were a few associations between UPFs intake and EF; however, most were nonsignificant. Future research should involve community samples and children across the weight spectrum.

Indexed as

Executive FunctionFast FoodsParentsPediatric ObesityAdultChildCross-Sectional StudiesFeeding BehaviorFemaleHumansMaleParent-Child RelationsRandomized Controlled Trials as Topicchildhood obesityexecutive functionultra‐processed foods

Identifiers

PMID42604991
PMCPMC13478359

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.